Friday

• Ceasar had become a greek style tyrant 
• he appeared in the senate house unarmed, and unguarded
• the crowd of senator stuck him down with their daggers 
• Mark Antony and Octavian 
• rival loyalists of Ceasar 
• formed another triumvirate together with a lesser warlord
• Octavian - adopted son
• Marcus Lepidus
• eliminated opponents in a new reign pf terror in Rome
• defeated Cassius and Brutus in battle in Greece
• leading assassins
• Julius Ceasar
• a "divine being" proclaimed by the Senate 
• Divided 
• Octavian based in Rome
• pushed lepidus out of power 
• defeated in naval battle 
• expanded Rome northward
• 3rd to rule Rome  
• managed to turn military dictatorship into legitimate and permanent monarchy 
• Lepidus in North
• Mark Anthony in Alexandria 
• turned into rivalry
•  Rome
• literature and art
• philosophy and law
• architecture and engineering 
•  P.104
•  Soon after Octavian's triumph at Actium, the Senate conferred on him a new title, Augustus, The name under which he has gone down in history 
•  Now that he was supreme ruler, Augustus intended to stay in power, reconstruct the failed government of the Roman City state, and keep its empire together 
• Princeps- 'First citizen" a traditional Roman name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the republic that came to be used by Augustus and other early emperors 
• By arrangement with The Senate in 27 B.C. Augusts was confirmed as commander in chief if the armed forces, which included civil and military control off all provinces with garrisons  
• He did not bring back the "mixed" government that had once been the source if its stability and vitality 
• Augustus was not the first powerful Roman to be worshiped in this way, But this time the practice spread well beyond Anatolia 
• He also acquired the title of Father of the Fatherland
• Said on his death bed that he thought he was turning into a god
• P. 105
• Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms 
• brought the system of government appointments under his personal control
• avoided breaking with tradition
• showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities
• reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank-and-file soldiers 
• gradually brought that all soldiers were volunteers
• This caused Augustus and his successors to break with the Roman Tradition of citizen soldiers to create the world's 1st professional army 
• Praetorian Guard 
• P. 106
•  Augustus wanted his successor to come from his family 
•  Augustus had no sons so he chose Tiberius 
• Caesars last decedent was Nero
• Nero was overthrown after a tyrannical reign
• No one thought to restore the government to a Republic
• Augustus dies in 14 A.D.
• Augustus adopted Tiberius to give him hereditary standings
• Tiberius took over without a challenge
• P.107
• Caesar - The imperial title given to the designated successor of a reigning emperor.